MANAGING MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN LIVING WITH KEY CONDITIONS

Identifying malnutrition early is vital to provide timely and appropriate nutritional intervention1

patient Outcomes V

PAEDIATRIC THERAPY AREAS

MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH AVOIDANT RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER (ARFID)

ARFID is a term which is used for individuals with sensory sensitivity who may avoid eating certain foods due to aversions to specific tastes, smells or textures or who have a general lack of interest in eating or a low appetite.2

ARFID is different from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and related conditions in that beliefs about body weight and shape do not contribute to food avoidance.3  There are many reasons why a person may avoid or limit the amount they eat.

NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT IN CHILDREN WITH FALTERING GROWTH

The term ‘faltering growth’ (previously called ‘failure to thrive’) refers to slower growth or weight gain in childhood than is typically expected for their age and gender.4

Whilst it is normal for newborn infants to lose weight in the early days of their life and for children to grow at different rates, persistent or significant weight loss is often a cause for concern for healthcare professionals (HCPs) and parents or carers.4

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MANAGING MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) CONDITIONS

GI symptoms can be relatively common in infants and children and are often quickly managed with medicine or dietary changes. However, undiagnosed GI problems can lead to ongoing issues that could impact a child's growth, development and overall health.5

Among the most common GI conditions are irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), coeliac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.5 GI conditions can cause symptoms including diarrhoea, vomiting, and gastro oesophageal reflux disease, which may mean the child becomes malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. In severe cases, this can leave to malabsorption, affecting their response to nutritional support and their ability to recover.6

MANAGING MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT

Neurological impairment (NI) relates to disorders of the central nervous system, affecting speech, motor skills, vision, memory, muscle actions and learning abilities.NI includes conditions such as cerebral palsy, autism, ADHD and epilepsy.8

It has been estimated that 3-4% of children in England suffer from neurodevelopmental impairment and conditions.8 Cerebral palsy affects 1 in 400 children in the UK.9

Malnutrition is common in children with NI (and is reported in 46-90% of children with cerebral palsy) due to a combination of factors:10

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MANAGING MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH CANCER

Disease-related malnutrition in paediatric cancer patients is common and can have a significant impact on patient outcomes as well as the disease trajectory.11,12 However, nutrition has a far more fundamental importance with respect to a growing, developing child, meaning the pathology of the disease in children can be very different from that observed in adults.13

Nutrition has a role in most areas and components of the cancer control spectrum, from prevention through to palliation and can impact morbidity and mortality.12

MANAGING MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

Children with chronic respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchiectasis and childhood interstitial lung disease often suffer from malnutrition as a result of increased nutritional requirements and metabolic stress factors. They may also suffer from reduced physical activity levels due to their condition.14

CF is one of the UK’s most common life-threatening inherited diseases. Around 10,600 people in the UK have CF; or 1 in every 2,500 babies born. Approximately 40% of people on the UK CF register are under 16.15,16

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PaediaSure Peptide is suitable for the dietary management of children weighing 8-30 kg with malabsorption or children who experience symptoms of poor feed tolerance. 

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*Peptides are partially broken down proteins, which makes them easier to digest and absorb in the gut than whole proteins.

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References:

1. Reber E et al. J Clin Med 2019;8(7):1065.
2. Thomas JJ et a/. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017;19(8):5.
3. Beat Eating Disorders, 2024. ARFID. Available online: https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eatingdisorders/types/arfid/ Last accessed April 2024
4. NICE, 2017. Faltering growth: recognition and management of faltering growth. Available online: Last accessed April 2024
5. NHS, 2022. Gastrointestinal conditions. Available online: https://www.nlg.nhs.uk/resources/gastrointestinal-conditions/ Last accessed April 2024.
6. Selimoglu MA, et al. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2021;9:2296-2360
7. Romano C, et al. ESPGHAN. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Complications in Children With Neurological Impairment. JPGN 2017;65: 242-264.
8.Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer 2012, Our Children Deserve Better: Prevention Pays. Chapter 9. Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Clare Blackburn, Janet Read, Nick Spencer, authors
9. Scope. Cerebral Palsy https://www.scope.org.uk/advice-and-support/cerebral-palsy-introduction Accessed April 2024.
10. Penagini F, et al. Dietary Intakes and Nutritional Issues in Neurologically Impaired Children. Nutrients 2015;7:9400-9415.
11. Joffe L, Ladas EJ. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020;4(6):465-475.
12. Rogers PC. Indian Journal of Cancer 2015;52(2):176-8.
13. Rogers PC & Barr RD. Paediatric Blood and Cancer. 2020;6(S3):e28213.
14. Alsharkawy A, et al. Nutritional assessment and rehabilitation in children with bronchiectasis and childhood interstitial lung diseases: effects on pulmonary functions and clinical severity. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette 2021;69:42.
15. Cystic Fibrosis Trust. Cystic Fibrosis FAQs. https://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk/what-is-cystic-fibrosis/faqs Accessed April 2024
16. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Briefing paper on cystic fibrosis. 2017 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs168/documents/briefing-paper Accessed April 2024

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